Child Care Subsidy Receipt, Employment, and Child Care Choices of Single Mothers

This paper examines the impact of actual subsidy receipt of single mothers on their joint employment and child care mode decisions in the post-welfare reform environment, which places a high priority on parental choice with the quality and type of care chosen. Results indicate that single mothers are highly responsive to child care subsidies by increasing their employment while moving from parental and relative care to center care in the process.

Single Mothers Working at Night: Standard Work, Child Care Subsidies, and Implications for Welfare Reform

Using a data set from the post welfare reform environment (the 1999 National Survey of America's Families), this paper investigates the impact of child care subsidies on the standard work (i.e., work performed during the traditional work hours of 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. through Monday and Friday) decision of single mothers and tests whether this impact differs between welfare recipients and nonrecipients. The econometric strategy accounts for sample selection into the labor force and the potential endogeneity of child care subsidy receipt and welfare participation. Results suggest that child care subsidies are associated with a 6 percentage point increase in the probability of single mothers working at standard jobs. When the impact of subsidies is allowed to differ between welfare recipients and non-recipients, results indicate that welfare recipients are 14 percentage points more likely to work at standard jobs than others when they are offered a child care subsidy. Among non-recipients, child care subsidies increase standard work probability by only 1 percentage point. These results underscore the importance of child care subsidies helping low-income parents, especially welfare recipients, find jobs with conventional or standard schedules and lend support to the current practice of states' giving priority to welfare recipients for child care subsidies. Results are found to be robust to numerous specification checks.

Project of building a restaurant in Kiev to study the foundation

У проекті будівлі ресторану в Києві з дослідженням фундаменту запропоновано тривимірне планування та інженерно-конструкторські рішення. Розрахунок основних несучих конструкцій. Проведено термотехнічний розрахунок огороджувальних конструкцій. Розроблено технологічну карту зведення одного поверху залізобетонного монолітного каркаса будинку з плоскою підлогою, генеральний план будівництва. Проведений аналіз і порівняння типів фундаментів багатоповерхівки.In the difficult work, the project of an Project of building a restaurant in Kiev to study the foundation. The three-dimensional planning and engineering and design solutions are proposed. A durable calculation of basic load-bearing structures. The thermotechnical calculation of the nails of the enclosing structures was performed. The technological map for erection of one floor of a reinforced concrete monolithic frame of a building with a flat floor, a calendar schedule, a construction master plan is developed. Analysis performed and so Yeghnik-economic comparison of the types of foundations for a multi-storey building on a site with a gradient. The measures on labor protection, resilience building to shock and protect the inhabitants of the house of emergencies. The role of energy saving in solving environmental problems has been established.Section – 1 Design department... 1.1.1- Geographical location of the land... 1.1.2-Climatic Conditions... 1.1.3-Engineering - geological and hydrogeological conditions of the site... 1.2-Main plan and general plan... 1.3.1-Define and verify the preference of structural structures... 1.3.2-Identify and verify preferences of fencing designs... 1.3.3-The materials used in the building or for the assembly of the building... Section – 2 Architectural part... 2.1 Architectural-planning solutions... 2.1.1 Natural and climatic characteristics of the construction area... 2.1.2 Collection of loads on the GFGS farm according to the series... 2.1.3 Bill of quantities... Section -3 Calculation and design of the column base... 3.1 Calculation of Anchor Bolts... 3.1.1 Steel for building type... 3.1.2 The specification of the crossbars.... 3.1.3 Calculation and design of the truss truss... 3.2 Calculation of the top belt of the farm... 3.3 Brace calculation... Section -4 Technological... 4.1 Introduction... 4.2 Designing a Routing Chart for masonry and installation process... 4.2.1 The size of the plots.... 4.2.2 Masonry of external walls... 4.2.3 Organization of the workplace when laying outer... 4.2.4 Investigation of the stress-strain state of a physical model... 4.3 Investigation of the stress-strain state of a physical model of a welded farm.... Section -5 The economic... 5.1 Rules for determining the cost of construction... 5.2 Summary statement... 5.3 Object estimate... 5.4 Local estimate... Section -6 results and generalizations... 6.1 Investigation generalizations... 6.2 Prime results generalizations... Section – 7 Labor and environment protection... 7.1 A common part... 7.2 Measures for engineering support of the building.... 7.3 Designing and installation of water supply system.... Section -8 Special part... 8.1 Feasibility comparison of transverse frame layout options..

Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?

Child maltreatment, which includes both child abuse and child neglect, is a major social problem. This paper focuses on measuring the effects of child maltreatment on crime using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We focus on crime because it is one of the most socially costly potential outcomes of maltreatment, and because the proposed mechanisms linking maltreatment and crime are relatively well elucidated in the literature. Our work addresses many limitations of the existing literature on child maltreatment. First, we use a large national sample, and investigate different types of abuse in a similar framework. Second, we pay careful attention to identifying the causal impact of abuse, by using a variety of statistical methods that make differing assumptions. These methods include: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), propensity score matching estimators, and twin fixed effects. Finally, we examine the extent to which the effects of maltreatment vary with socio-economic status (SES), gender, and the severity of the maltreatment.We find that maltreatment approximately doubles the probability of engaging in many types of crime. Low SES children are both more likely to be mistreated and suffer more damaging effects. Boys are at greater risk than girls, at least in terms of increased propensity to commit crime. Sexual abuse appears to have the largest negative effects, perhaps justifying the emphasis on this type of abuse in the literature. Finally, the probability of engaging in crime increases with the experience of multiple forms of maltreatment as well as the experience of Child Protective Services (CPS) investigation. Working Paper 06-3

Suicidal Behavior and the Labor Market Productivity of Young Adults

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the link between suicidal behaviors and human capital formation of young adults in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate the effects of suicide thoughts and attempts on the probability of engaging in work or school. The richness of the data set allows us to implement several strategies to control for unobserved heterogeneity and the potential reverse causality. These include using a large set of control variables that are likely to be correlated with both suicidal behavior and the outcome measures, an instrumental variables method, and a fixed effects analysis from the subsample of twin pairs contained in the data. The longitudinal nature of the data set also allows us to control for past suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts of the individuals from their high school years as well as the suicidal behavior of their family members. Results from the different identification strategies consistently indicate that both suicide thoughts and suicide attempts decrease the likelihood a young adult individual engages in work or schooling.

Ugly Criminals

Using data from three waves of Add Health we find that being very attractive reduces a young adult's (ages 18-26) propensity for criminal activity and being unattractive increases it for a number of crimes, ranging from burglary to selling drugs. A variety of tests demonstrate that this result is not because beauty is acting as a proxy for socio-economic status. Being very attractive is also positively associated adult vocabulary test scores, which suggests the possibility that beauty may have an impact on human capital formation. We demonstrate that, especially for females, holding constant current beauty, high school beauty (pre-labor market beauty) has a separate impact on crime, and that high school beauty is correlated with variables that gauge various aspects of high school experience, such as GPA, suspension or having being expelled from school, and problems with teachers. These results suggest two handicaps faced by unattractive individuals. First, a labor market penalty provides a direct incentive for unattractive individuals toward criminal activity. Second, the level of beauty in high school has an effect on criminal propensity 7-8 years later, which seems to be due to the impact of the level of beauty in high school on human capital formation, although this second avenue seems to be effective for females only.

Is there a Link Between Foreclosure and Health?

We investigate the relationship between foreclosures and hospital visits using data on all foreclosures and all hospital and emergency room visits from four states that were among the hardest hit by the foreclosure crisis. We find that living in a neighborhood with a spike in foreclosures is associated with significant increases in urgent unscheduled visits, including increases in visits for preventable conditions. The estimated relationships cannot be accounted for by increasing unemployment, declines in housing prices, migration, or by people switching from out-patient providers to hospitals.

The Determinants and Consequences of Child Care Subsidies for Single Mothers

This paper provides an analysis of child care subsidies under welfare reform. Previous studies of child care subsidies use data from the pre-welfare-reform period, and their results may not apply to the very different post-reform environment. We use data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families to analyze the determinants of receipt of a child care subsidy and the effects of subsidy receipt on employment, school attendance, job search, and welfare participation. We analyze the impact on subsidy receipt of household characteristics such as family size and structure, and past participation in welfare. The most important determinant of receipt of a child care subsidy is past receipt, but we cannot determine from our analysis whether this is a causal effect or a result of unobserved heterogeneity. Ordinary least squares estimates that treat subsidy receipt as exogenous show an effect of subsidy receipt of about 13 percentage points on employment. Two stage least squares estimates that treat subsidy receipt as endogenous and use county dummies as identifying instruments show an effect of 32 percentage points. We present some evidence that is consistent with the assumption that county dummies are valid identifying instruments, and some evidence that is inconsistent with the assumption.

Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?

Child maltreatment, which includes both child abuse and child neglect, is a major social problem. This paper focuses on measuring the effects of child maltreatment on crime using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We focus on crime because it is one of the most socially costly potential outcomes of maltreatment, and because the proposed mechanisms linking maltreatment and crime are relatively well elucidated in the literature. Our work addresses many limitations of the existing literature on child maltreatment. First, we use a large national sample, and investigate different types of abuse in a similar framework. Second, we pay careful attention to identifying the causal impact of abuse, by using a variety of statistical methods that make differing assumptions. These methods include: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), propensity score matching estimators, and twin fixed effects. Finally, we examine the extent to which the effects of maltreatment vary with socio-economic status (SES), gender, and the severity of the maltreatment. We find that maltreatment approximately doubles the probability of engaging in many types of crime. Low SES children are both more likely to be mistreated and suffer more damaging effects. Boys are at greater risk than girls, at least in terms of increased propensity to commit crime. Sexual abuse appears to have the largest negative effects, perhaps justifying the emphasis on this type of abuse in the literature. Finally, the probability of engaging in crime increases with the experience of multiple forms of maltreatment as well as the experience of Child Protective Services (CPS) investigation.